Explain Malware and Its Types
Definition of Malware
Malware is a type of malicious software designed to harm systems, steal data, spy on users, or gain unauthorized access to computers and networks.
Purpose of Malware
- Steal personal or financial information
- Damage or delete data
- Monitor user activity
- Control systems remotely
- Spread infections to other devices
Common Sources of Malware
- Fake email attachments
- Malicious websites
- Cracked or pirated software
- Infected USB drives
- Fake software updates
Types of Malware
1. Virus
A virus is malware that attaches to a legitimate file or program and activates when the file is executed.
Key Points:
- Requires user action
- Attaches to files
- Can corrupt or delete data
2. Worm
A worm is malware that spreads automatically through networks without user interaction.
Key Points:
- Self-replicating
- No host file needed
- Consumes network resources
3. Trojan Horse
A Trojan is malware that appears as useful software but performs malicious activities in the background.
Key Points:
- Disguised as genuine software
- Does not self-replicate
- Creates backdoor access
4. Ransomware
Ransomware is malware that encrypts files and demands money to restore access.
Key Points:
- Locks or encrypts data
- Demands ransom
- Causes financial loss
5. Spyware
Spyware is malware that secretly monitors user activity.
Key Points:
- Collects personal data
- Tracks browsing habits
- Runs silently
6. Adware
Adware displays unwanted advertisements on the user’s system.
Key Points:
- Shows pop-up ads
- Redirects browsers
- Slows system performance
7. Rootkit
A rootkit is malware that hides deep inside the system to maintain attacker control.
Key Points:
- Hard to detect
- Hides other malware
- Gives full system access
8. Botnet
A botnet is a network of infected computers controlled by a hacker.
Key Points:
- Used for large cyber attacks
- Controlled remotely
- User usually unaware
9. Keylogger
A keylogger records keystrokes made by the user.
Key Points:
- Steals usernames and passwords
- Runs in background
- Used in cyber fraud
Difference Between Virus and Worm
| Virus | Worm |
|---|---|
| Needs user action | No user action needed |
| Attaches to files | Standalone malware |
| Spreads slowly | Spreads very fast |
Effects of Malware
- Data theft
- System slowdown
- File corruption
- Privacy loss
- Financial loss
Signs of Malware Infection
- Slow system performance
- Frequent crashes
- Unknown pop-ups
- Unauthorized software installation
Malware Prevention Methods
- Install antivirus software
- Keep operating system updated
- Avoid suspicious links
- Do not use pirated software
- Scan external devices
Short Answer (1–2 Marks)
Q: What is malware?
Malware is malicious software designed to harm or exploit computer systems.
Q: Name any two types of malware.
Virus and Trojan Horse.
Q: Which malware demands money?
Ransomware.
Long Answer (5 Marks Tip)
Write:
- Definition of malware
- Purpose of malware
- Types with brief explanation
- Effects
- Prevention methods
Conclusion
Malware is a major threat to computer security.
Understanding its types and behavior helps in early detection and prevention.
